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Obstetrics

Antenatal care

Antenatal care or ANC is your first contact with the health care system when you are expecting. ANC is a healthcare service which is beyond maternity care. It includes diagnosing and managing any pregnancy-related complications and classes that will help you and your partner experience a happy, healthy pregnancy. The World Health Organization has recommended a minimum of 8 ANC visits when you are expecting.

High risk pregnancy

A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy that involves increased health risks for the pregnant person, unborn baby or both. Certain health conditions and your age (being over 35 or under 17 when pregnant) can make a pregnancy high risk.

Recurrent abortions

Habitual (or recurrent) abortion refers to a history of repeated miscarriage, defined as three or more successive pregnancy losses. Habitual miscarriage suggests the need for medical evaluation of a couple and ongoing care for what may be chronic problems (e.g., hormonal dysregulation, infection, etc.).

Multiple pregnancy

A multiple pregnancy is a pregnancy where you're carrying more than one baby at a time. If you're carrying two babies, they are called twins. Three babies that are carried during one pregnancy are called triplets. You can also carry more than three babies at one time (high-order multiples).

Congenital malformation

Congenital malformation: A physical defect present in a baby at birth that can involve many different parts of the body, including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, bones, and intestinal tract. Congenital malformation can be genetic, it can result from exposure of the fetus to a malforming agent (such as alcohol), or it can be of unknown origin. Congenital malformations are now the leading cause of infant mortality (death) in the US and many other developed nations. Examples include heart defects, cleft lip and palate, spina bifida, limb defects, and Down syndrome.

Placenta previa and others

The placenta is a structure that develops inside your uterus during pregnancy, providing oxygen and nutrition to and removing wastes from your baby. The placenta connects to your baby through the umbilical cord. In most pregnancies, the placenta attaches at the top or side of the uterus. Placenta previa (pluh-SEN-tuh PREH-vee-uh) occurs when a baby's placenta partially or totally covers the mother's cervix — the outlet for the uterus. Placenta previa can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery.

Rh negative mother

If the mother is Rh-negative, her immune system treats Rh-positive fetal cells as if they were a foreign substance. The mother's body makes antibodies against the fetal blood cells. These antibodies may cross back through the placenta into the developing baby. They destroy the baby's circulating red blood cells.

Preterm labour

Preterm labor occurs when regular contractions result in the opening of your cervix after week 20 and before week 37 of pregnancy. Preterm labor can result in premature birth. The earlier premature birth happens, the greater the health risks for your baby.

Abortions

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of pregnancies.

Ectopic pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy most often occurs in a fallopian tube, which carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. This type of ectopic pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy.

Sexually transmitted diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) — or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) — are generally acquired by sexual contact. The organisms (bacteria, viruses or parasites) that cause sexually transmitted diseases may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids.

Contraception advice

There are different methods of contraception, including: ... learning the signs of fertility in your menstrual cycle to help you plan or avoid a pregnancy.